Tracking system for distributable objects which are marked in single laser shot events with dynamically variable images

ABSTRACT

A supply chain monitoring system having a laser-based image system usable within an object processing facility to form images in objects, a reader operable to read the images on the objects, and an object tracking system coupled to the reader over a data network. The laser-based image system includes an image forming device operable to form an array of laser-treated regions in the objects in single shot events, where the arrays of laser-treated regions are associated with images.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a non-provisional of and claims priority to and thebenefit of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/681,396, filed May 17,2005 and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/683,271, filed May 20,2005, the entire contents and disclosures of which are incorporatedherein.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to the following commonly-owned co-pendingpatent applications: “LASER-BASED IMAGE FORMER OPERABLE TO FORMDYNAMICALLY VARIABLE IMAGES IN OBJECTS IN SINGLE SHOT EVENTS,” Ser. No.______, Attorney Docket No. 116968-004; “OBJECT PROCESSING ASSEMBLYOPERABLE TO FORM DYNAMICALLY VARIABLE IMAGES IN OBJECTS IN SINGLE SHOTEVENTS”, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 116968-007; and “IMAGEMANAGEMENT SYSTEM OPERABLE TO FORM DYNAMICALLY VARIABLE IMAGES INOBJECTS IN SINGLE SHOT EVENTS”, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No.116968-008.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The counterfeiting of products poses a significant threat to the safetyand integrity of supply chains. Counterfeiting also jeopardizes the goodwill in well-established product brand names. Companies have takendifferent approaches in an attempt to deter counterfeiting. One approachincludes printing ink-printed bar codes and identifiers on products.Another approach is inscribing the company's brand name or logo on theproduct. Despite these efforts, many counterfeiters have introducedcounterfeits of these products into the supply chain through the use ofcommercially available printers and other machinery, and in many cases,the counterfeits have reached the end-user without being detected. Forthese and other reasons, there is a need to provide advancements relatedto the marking of products and objects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A supply chain monitoring system is provided to assist in the monitoringand tracking of objects and products in the supply chain. In oneembodiment, the monitoring system includes a laser marking system usedin a facility where objects or products are manufactured, packaged orprocessed. The laser marking system outputs an array of separate laserbeams or laser beam pulses. For example, the array of beam pulses canform a matrix of ten by ten beam pulses, or the array of beam pulses canform a pattern of fifty bars. Accordingly, the laser marking system canburn or cut a machine-readable matrix code, bar code or other suitableimage in the body of a product. In accordance with a user-configurablecomputer program, the laser marking system can produce a unique image orcode on each product in a batch, or the laser system can produce serialimages or codes on a batch of products.

The laser marking system is operable to burn or cut codes in products ina relatively small amount of time. In one embodiment, the laser markingsystem produces a snap-shot of beam pulses. The snap-shot of beam pulsesstrike the product at the same time or substantially at the same time.In this fashion, an entire image or code is burn or cut in each productin an instant or single event. In one embodiment, this high speed codingprocess enables the products to be imaged or coded while in motion onthe conveyor line with no or substantially no smearing or blurringeffect.

In one embodiment, the supply chain monitoring system also includes animage or code management system, an image or code reader and an objecttracking or validation system, each of which is linked to a network,such as the Internet. In one example, the code management systemcontrols the codes formed in the products and also transfers the codedata to the validation system. When a user, such as a retailer,warehouser or consumer, scans the codes on the products, the validationsystem alerts the user of any instances where a product does not havethe proper code. The user can then remove this product from the supplychain and contact the appropriate authorities for counterfeitinvestigation. This type of supply chain monitoring system functions asa deterrent against counterfeiting and helps enhance the security andsafety of supply chains.

Additional features and advantages of the present invention aredescribed in, and will be apparent from, the following DetailedDescription of the Invention and the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of one embodiment of the supplychain monitoring system.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the object processingassembly, illustrating the image former forming an image in one of theobjects in motion on the conveyor.

FIG. 3 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of one embodiment of the imageformer or image forming device.

FIG. 4 is a top or plan view of one embodiment of the image former andthe conveyor, illustrating an example of the image former outputtingthree separate energy pulses toward the conveyor.

FIG. 5 is a top or plan view of one embodiment of the image former andthe conveyor, illustrating one of the energy pulses of FIG. 4 havingformed an image in one of the moving objects.

FIG. 6 is a top or plan view of one embodiment of the image former andthe conveyor, illustrating another one of the energy pulses of FIG. 4having formed an image in another one of the moving objects.

FIG. 7 is a top or plan view of one embodiment of the image former andthe conveyor, illustrating yet another one of the energy pulses of FIG.4 having formed an image in yet another one of the moving objects.

FIG. 8 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of one embodiment of the imageformer illustrating the flow of coherent energy from the laser generatorto the object to be marked.

FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of the imageformer.

FIG. 10 is a rear perspective view of the image former of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of the imageformer including one embodiment of the image control device.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the image control device of FIG. 11,illustrating a beam pulse striking the image control device resulting inan array of beam pulses striking an object to be marked.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional side elevation enlarged view of the imagecontrol device of FIG. 12, taken substantially along line 13-13 of FIG.12, illustrating the inner walls, cavities and movable reflectorspositioned therein.

FIG. 14 is a partially perspective and partially schematic view of oneembodiment of the image control device coupled to one embodiment of theactuator assembly.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of a portion of oneembodiment of the image control device of FIG. 14, taken substantiallyalong line 15-19 of FIG. 14, illustrating an example of one of thereflectors in the non-reflect position.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of a portion of oneembodiment of the image control device of FIG. 14, taken substantiallyalong line 15-19 of FIG. 14, illustrating the flow of laser energy intoone of the cavities when one of the reflectors is in the non-reflectposition.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of a portion of oneembodiment of the image control device of FIG. 14, taken substantiallyalong line 15-19 of FIG. 14, illustrating the flow of laser energy fromone of the reflectors when such reflector is in the non-reflectposition.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of a portion of oneembodiment of the image control device of FIG. 14, taken substantiallyalong line 15-19 of FIG. 14, illustrating an example of one of thereflectors in the reflect position.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of a portion of oneembodiment of the image control device of FIG. 14, taken substantiallyalong line 15-19 of FIG. 14, illustrating the flow of laser energy fromone of the reflectors when such reflector is in the reflect position.

FIG. 20 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of the imageformer including another embodiment of the image control device.

FIG. 21 is a partially perspective view and schematic view of anotherembodiment of the image control device coupled to another embodiment ofthe actuator assembly.

FIG. 22 is a side elevation view of the image control device of FIG. 21,illustrating the flow of a beam pulse toward the face of the imagecontrol device.

FIG. 23 is a side elevation view of the image control device of FIG. 21,illustrating the flow of sub-beams from the reflectors.

FIG. 24 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of one embodiment of theelectronic configuration of one embodiment of the image former.

FIG. 25 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of another embodiment of theimage former, illustrating an example of the output of multiple laserbeams toward an object to be marked.

FIG. 26 is a perspective fragmentary view of one example of an object ofa single pigmentation which has been modified by one embodiment of theimage system.

FIG. 27 is a perspective fragmentary view of one example of an object ofdifferent pigmentations which has been modified by one embodiment of theimage system.

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of an example of a pharmaceutical capsulewhich has been laser-marked with a matrix code through use of oneembodiment of the image system.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of an example of a pharmaceutical tabletwhich has been laser-marked with a matrix code through use of oneembodiment of the image system.

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of an example of a mission criticalhelicopter part which has been laser-marked with a bar code through useof one embodiment of the image system.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of an example of a mission criticalmilitary or soldier helmet which has been laser-marked with a bar codethrough use of one embodiment of the image system.

FIG. 32 is a perspective view of an example of a consumer lotion productbottle which has been laser-marked with a graphical image of a coconuttree through use of one embodiment of the image system.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of an example of a pharmaceutical capsulewhich has been laser-marked with human-readable text through use of oneembodiment of the image system.

FIG. 34 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of one embodiment of the imagemanagement system.

FIG. 35 is a table of example control variables used in one embodimentof the image management system.

FIG. 36 is a top perspective view of one embodiment of the hand-heldscanner or reader, illustrating the reading of a matrix code.

FIG. 37 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of one embodiment of theelectronic configuration of one embodiment of the image reader.

FIG. 38 is a schematic, diagrammatic view of one embodiment of theobject tracking system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

1. Supply Chain Monitoring System

Referring now to FIGS. 1 through 38, the supply chain monitoring system10, in one embodiment, includes: (a) a laser-based image system 12 whichmay be fully or partially housed or located within a manufacturingfacility or object processing facility 14 and which is used to formimages on products or objects 16; (b) a reader 18 which is operable toread the images on the objects 16; and (c) a product or an objecttracking system 20 which is coupled to the reader 18 over a data network22, such as the Internet or any other suitable network. The objectprocessing facility 14 can include any building, facility or plant usedto manufacture, package, process or otherwise treat objects. It shouldbe appreciated that the image system 12 can form an image or marking ona relatively broad range of objects 16. The objects 16 can include,without limitation, products, goods and devices, such as: (a)pharmaceutical-related products and devices, such as capsules andtablets and other forms of ingestible medication; (b) police, warfareand military-related products, devices, equipment and supplies, such asmunitions, weapon parts and other mission-critical equipment anddevices; (c) medical products, devices, equipment and supplies; (d)security-related products, devices and equipment; (e) hazardresponse-related products, devices and equipment, such as firefightingequipment; (f) air, land and water vehicular replacement parts; and (g)edible products, produce and other foods. Depending upon the embodiment,the image formed on the object 16 can be machine readable, humanreadable or readable by machine and human.

In operation of one example, the objects 16 are distributed from thefacility 14 through a supply chain or distribution channel 15 to one ormore distribution points 24. A distribution point 24 can include anylocation, facility, building, truck, carrier, retail outlet orconsumption site where the objects 16 are temporarily or permanentlystationed. Whether the distribution point 24 is a store or a home, theuser can scan the image of a code on the object 16 using a reader 18which is coupled to a server or computer 26. The object tracking system20, in communication with the computer 26, receives the code data, andthe tracking system 20 validates the authenticity of the scanned object16, as further described below.

2. Object Processing Assembly

In one embodiment, the laser-based image system 12 includes an objectprocessing assembly 100, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The object processingassembly 100, in one embodiment, includes: (a) at least one imageforming device or image former 102; (b) at least one object transporteror conveyor 104 having a designated position relative to the imageformer 102; (c) an object dispenser or hopper 150 which distributesobjects 16 onto the conveyor 104; (d) a plurality of high-speed camerasor vision devices 152 which sense visual characteristics of the assembly100, such as the proper placement of the objects 16 and the quality ofthe images formed in the objects 16 by the image former 102; (e) aplurality of processors or controllers 154 which control the operationof the vision devices 152; (f) a packaging device or packager 156 whichpackages the objects 16 and places them in packages 158; and (g) aplurality of computers or computerized workstations 160 used to operatethe object processing assembly 100. The conveyor 104 supports aplurality of the objects 16, and the conveyor 104 transports or movesthose objects 16 from one point to another within the processingfacility 14. In one embodiment, the image former 102 outputs a sequenceof beam pulses 106, and each of the beam pulses 106 strikes one of theobjects 16, as further described below. In one embodiment, one or moreof the workstations 160 can include the computer 711 of the imagemanagement system 700 described below with respect to FIG. 34.

2.1. Image Forming Device with Single Energy Generator

2.1.1 General

In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the image forming device orimage former 102 is an image former 200 which has a single energygenerator or laser generator. The image former 200, in one embodiment,includes: (a) an energy device 202 which generates a laser form ofenergy; and (b) an output assembly 206 which receives the laser form ofenergy and directs that energy toward the objects 16. The energy device202 can include any suitable laser, including, without limitation, asolid-state laser (including, without limitation, aneodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) neodymium laser), a gas laser,an excimer laser, a dye laser or a semiconductor laser, sometimesreferred to as a diode laser. In one embodiment, the energy device 202includes a carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser which emits laser energy in thefar-infrared range, generating an energy having a wave length ofapproximately ten thousand six hundred nanometers.

In one embodiment, the energy device 202 includes a laser generator 208operatively coupled to a carbon dioxide gas supply unit 210 which, inturn, is operatively coupled to a control unit 212. The gas supply unit210 includes a holder for a gas container which contains a supply ofcarbon dioxide gas. The laser generator 208 is a carbon dioxide laserwhich includes a carbon dioxide lasing medium container 214 and an atomexciter 216. The atom exciter 216 can include any suitable light orenergy source. The gas supply unit 210 is fluidly connected to thelasing medium container 214 through one or more hoses, tubes orchannels, such as the tube 215 illustrated in FIG. 8. In operation, theatom exciter 216 energizes the carbon dioxide gas atoms, causing theatoms to move to an excited energy state. When returning from theirexcited states to lower states, these atoms emit light energy orphotons, and the laser generator 208 directs a plurality of thesephotons toward an outlet. An energy stream or laser beam flows from thisoutlet. The laser beam, in one embodiment, is monochromatic, coherentand directional.

The energy device 202 outputs the energy stream in the form of acontinuous sequence of pulses of energy. Each beam pulse is separated intime from one another, and each beam pulse includes a separate packet ofenergy or laser light. Put another way, each pulse includes a relativelyshort stream of energy or a relatively short laser beam.

In one embodiment, the control unit 212 of the energy device 202includes circuitry or a processor which causes the laser generator 208to output laser beams in a continuous sequence of pulses. This type ofenergy generator 208, sometimes referred to as a pulsed laser,periodically excites the carbon dioxide gas to generate strobe light orperiodic pulses of laser packets. In one example, this type of energygenerator 208 is a pulsed Transverse Electrical excitation atAtmospheric pressure (TEA) CO₂ laser operable to generate laser energyof approximately two-tenths to three-tenths Joules at an approximate tenand six-tenths Micron wavelength and an approximate twelve by twelvemillimeter profile. In another embodiment, the energy device 202includes a pulse assembly positioned adjacent to the outlet of theenergy generator 208. The pulse assembly includes a blocker or chopperwhich is driven by a motor. The chopper rotates to periodically block acontinuous energy stream output by the energy generator 208. As aresult, the chopper causes the energy device 202 to output energy beamsor laser beams in a continuous sequence of pulses. It should beappreciated that other methods and mechanisms can be used to form aseries of energy pulses or beam pulses.

With continued reference to FIG. 3, the output assembly 206, in oneembodiment, includes: (a) a beam expander 218 which receives each of thebeam pulses from the energy device 202 and which also expands theprofile of the beam within the beam pulse; (b) an image control device220 which receives the expanded beam and manipulates that beam to definean image; and (c) a turning mirror or beam director 222 which receivesone or more beams from the image control device 220 and directs thereceived beam pulses toward a focus lens, focus mirror or beam focuser224 which, in turn, directs the focused beams toward the object 16. Thebeam expander 218, in one example, expands the cross section profile ofthe laser pulse by approximately five times producing a beam with across section of an approximate sixty by sixty millimeter profile.

In one example illustrated in FIGS. 4 through 7, the image formingdevice 200 generates a plurality of laser pulses 226, 228 and 230. Eachof the laser pulses 226, 228, 230 is generated at a different period intime and consequently, as illustrated in FIG. 4, these pulses 226, 228and 230 travel separately toward the conveyor 104. At the same time, theconveyor 104 moves the objects 16 along the path 232 at a designatedrate or velocity. The frequency of the pulses 226, 228 and 230 is set sothat a pulse reaches the object path 232 at the time when an object 16reaches the image path or beam path 234. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 4 and 5, pulse 230 struck object 236 while the object 236 wastraveling forward through beam path 234, and pulse 230 formed an image Zon the object 236. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, pulse228 struck object 238 while object 238 was traveling and passing throughbeam path 234, and pulse 228 formed an image Y on object 238. In theexample illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, pulse 226 struck object 240 whilethe object 240 was traveling through the beam path 234, and the pulse226 formed image X on object 240. In this embodiment, the image system12 includes a conveyor 104 that continuously moves the objects 13 forincreased processing efficiency. It should be appreciated, however, thatin other embodiments, the conveyor 104 can stop each object 13 for adesignated amount of time while a beam pulse forms on image on thenon-moving object 13.

In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8, the laser generator 208generates a beam pulse 209 which is received by the beam expander 218.The beam expander 218 expands the beam pulse 209, and the expanded beampulse 211 is directed or otherwise travels toward the image controlleror image control device 220. The image control device 220, described ingreater detail below, selectively directs certain portions of theexpanded beam pulse 211 toward the beam director 222. In the illustratedexample, the image control device 220 absorbs or otherwise dissipates acertain portion of the expanded beam pulse 211 and reflects separatebeams 242, 244 and 246 to the beam director 222. The beam director 222directs beams 242, 244 and 246 toward the beam focuser 224. The beamfocuser 224 receives the beams 242, 244 and 246 and further redirectsthese beams, bringing them closer to one another. The focused beams 242,244 and 246 then strike the object 16. In the illustrated example, eachof these beams 242, 244 and 246 forms a separate cavity, crevice or mark247 in the object 16 at the same time or substantially the same time.Simultaneously striking the object 16 with separate beams 242, 244 and246 enables the image system 12 to form an image in the object 16 with arelatively quick snap-shot process.

In one embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, the image formingdevice or image former 200 includes: (a) a housing 248 which houses orotherwise supports the energy device 202; (b) a support structure, legassembly, securing device or mount 250 which can be used to mount theimage former 200 to a floor or support structure; (c) a laser shield,laser guard, barrel or arm 252 connected to the housing 248; (d) aplurality of control devices 254 used to operate and monitor the imageformer 200; (e) a plurality of fans 256 which cool the laser generator208 during operation; and (f) a filtered vent 257 which outputs airforced through the vent 257 by the fans 256. The arm 252 has an extendedor elongated tube with the beam focuser 224 connected to the end 253 ofthe arm 252. The arm 252 has a designated, permanent or adjustable,length. This length is a associated with a desired formation of thelaser pulse that exits the beam focuser 224.

2.1.2 Image Control Device

Referring back to FIG. 8, the image control device 220 of the imageformer 200 can include any mechanical, electromechanical, electronic orcomputerized device (including, without limitation, a suitable beamsplitter) operable to: (a) receive a beam or beam pulse; (b) selectivelymodify portions of that beam or beam pulse; and (c) output a modifiedversion of that beam or beam pulse which defines or is otherwiseassociated with a designated image.

2.1.2.1 Dot Former

In one embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 11 through 19, the image former201 includes the energy device 202, beam expander 218, image controldevice 221 and beam director 222. The energy device 202, beam expander218, image control device 221 and beam director 222 are positionedwithin the housing 248. The beam focuser 224 is positioned within theend 253 of the arm 252. The energy device 202 provides beam pulses 255which strike the image control device 220. As best illustrated in FIGS.12 through 14, the image control device 221 includes: (a) a body orhousing 258 having a face 260 which is oriented at a suitable angle,such as a forty-five degree (45°) angle, relative to the laser generatorbeam axis 262; (b) a plurality of inner walls 264 which define an arrayof openings, channels or cavities 266; (c) an energy absorber,absorption plate or absorption surface 268 located at the exterior ofthe face 260; (d) a reflective mask or template 267 which is attached tothe face 260 on top of the absorption surface 268; (e) a plurality ofmovable members, mirror segments, pistons, slugs or reflectors 270, eachof which is slidably or otherwise movably lodged within one of thecavities 266; (f) a plurality of biasing members or springs 272, each ofwhich is lodged within one of the cavities 266 near the rear end 273 ofthe housing 258; and (g) an actuator assembly 275 operable toindependently actuate the reflectors 270.

The absorptive surface 268 can include a coating, such as paint, afluoropolymer resin or any suitable polymer material. Alternatively, theabsorptive surface 268 can include a separate plate having absorptiveproperties. In another alternative, the absorptive surface 268 can bethe outer surface of the housing 258, where the outer surface isconstructed of a material associated with an absorptive property.

In one embodiment, each reflector 270 is approximately six millimetersin diameter and eighteen millimeters in length. In the illustratedexample, the image control device 221 includes twelve reflectors 270. Itshould be appreciated, however, that the image control device 221 caninclude any suitable number of reflectors 270. For example, the imagecontrol device 221 can include a ten by ten grid of one hundredreflectors 270, where each such reflector 270 is associated with a gridpoint or pixel for the formation of an image on the object 16.

The actuator assembly 275 includes: (a) a tubing assembly 274 attachedto the rear end 273 of the housing 258; and (b) a pressure device 276coupled to the tubing assembly 274. In one embodiment, the tubingassembly 274 includes, for each one of the cavities 266: (a) a connector278 which fluidly connects one of the cavities 266 to one end 279 of atube 280; and (b) a multi-branch connector or T-connector 284 connectedto the other end 286 of the hose or tube 280. Each T-connector 284 has apositive pressure branch 287 and a negative pressure branch 288. Thetubing assembly 274 also includes, for each one of the T-connectors 284:(a) a positive pressure tube 290 connected to the positive branch 287and a negative pressure tube 292 connected to the negative pressurebranch 288.

The pressure device 276 of the actuator assembly 275 includes a positivepressurizer 294 and a vacuum or negative pressurizer 296. The positivepressurizer 294 has a plurality of solenoid-controlled control valves298, each of which is connected to one of the positive pressure tubes290. Likewise, the negative pressurizer 296 has a plurality ofsolenoid-controlled control valves 300, each of which is connected toone of the negative pressure tubes 292. As illustrated in FIGS. 12, 1516 and 18, when the beam pulse 262 strikes the face 260 of the imagecontrol device 220, different portions 302 of the beam pulse 262 strikedifferent areas 305 adjacent to the different cavities 266.

By default, the pressure device 276 applies a vacuum or negativepressure to the cavities 266. The negative pressure applies a rearwardforce to the reflectors 270, maintaining the reflectors 270 in anon-reflect position 303 at or adjacent to the rear end 273 of thehousing 258. In one example, the negative pressure is approximatelyeight to ten ounces. When the beam portion 302 strikes the face 260,certain energy 308 is absorbed or otherwise dissipated at the absorptionsurface 268 of the face 260. Other beam portions 310 of the beam portion302 travel into the cavity 266. Once inside the cavity 266, these beamportions 310 strike the reflector 270. As illustrated in FIG. 17, thereflector 270 reflects these beam portions 310 back toward the front end307 of the image control device 221. As a result of the geometry anddimensions of the cavities 266, these beam portions or light particles310 exit the cavity 266 in a relatively incoherent form 312. Having arelatively incoherent characteristic or property, this light energy isrelatively weak and diffuse, and, as a result, does not reach the object16 with sufficient strength to form a significant or detectable cavity,image or mark on the object 16. Therefore, in default mode, the imagecontrol device 221 does not output any laser beams.

When the image control device 221 is switched to image mode, the imagecontrol device 221 causes select reflectors 270 to move to a reflectposition 314 in accordance with designated programming instructions, asillustrated in FIGS. 18 and 19. The pressure device 276 applies apositive pressure to the cavity 266. This positive pressure moves thereflector 270 forward and maintains it at the reflect position 314 at oradjacent to the face 260. In one example, the positive pressure isapproximately four ounces. In this reflect position 314, as illustratedin FIG. 19, certain energy 308 is dissipated or otherwise absorbed bythe absorption surface 268 of the face 260. At about the same time, abeam portion or sub-beam 306 is reflected from the reflector 270. Thissub-beam 306 is relatively coherent, and, accordingly, has sufficientstrength to reach the object 16 and form a cavity mark 309 on the object16, as illustrated in FIG. 12. In this example, the sub-beams 306 form apartially dot matrix pattern of holes, cavities or marks 309 on theobject 16.

If all of the reflectors 270 were to have the reflect position 314, theimage control device 220 would form an entire grid, array or matrix ofdots on the object 16. To form different images on the different objects16, the image control device 220 varies the positions of the reflectors270. In operation, the actuator assembly 275 cycles the reflectors 270at a relatively high cycle rate, for example, seventy-five to onehundred cycles per second. Referring back to FIG. 14, an image or codemay, for example, be associated with a reflector arrangement wherereflector 271 has the reflect position, and a different image or codemay be associated with a reflector arrangement where reflector 271 hasthe non-reflect position.

Regardless of the position of the reflectors 270, the reflectivetemplate 267, in one embodiment, constantly reflects a beam portion 281of the beam pulse 262, and the beam portion 281 strikes the object 16.The shape of the reflective template 267 determines the shape of thebeam portion 281 which, in turn, determines the shape of the image 283formed on the object by the template 267. In one embodiment, thetemplate 267 has a designated shape associated with an identifier orsignature of the particular image forming device 201 being used. In oneexample not illustrated, the reflective template 267 is configured toform an additional row of reflective symbols. These symbols cause analpha-numeric serial code to be formed in the object 16. This codecorresponds to the serial code of the particular image forming device201 being used.

In another embodiment, the template 267 has a designated degradationproperty associated with the reflectiveness of the template 267. Forexample, with each reflection event, the reflectiveness of the template267 decreases. After a certain number of reflection events, the template267 will absorb all or substantially all of the laser beam received. Asa result, the authenticity identifier or signature of the image formingdevice 201 will be excluded from the objects 16. This will indicate tofacility operators, the need to replace the image control device 221 ofthe image former 201.

In one example, where a batch of products are serially marked withunique matrix codes, the image control device 221 causes the positionsof the reflectors 270 to have a different orientation each time adifferent product is being marked. During this process, the springs 272assist in absorbing at least part of the shock or impact generated bythe backward motion of the reflectors 270. The springs 272 can decreasevibrations and damage to the integrity of the reflectors 270 and thehousing 258.

2.1.2.2 Bar Former

In another embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 20 through 23, the imageformer 401 includes the same components as the image former 201 exceptfor the image control device 403. As best illustrated in FIG. 21, theimage control device 400 includes: (a) a body or housing 402; (b) anarray of reflector holders 406 connected to the housing 402 adjacent tothe face 408; (c) an absorption plate or absorption surface 409 attachedto or incorporated into the face 408; (d) an array of rotatable mirrorsegments, rotatable members or rotatable reflectors 403 rotatablysupported by the reflector holders 406; and (e) an actuator assembly 407operable to independently actuate and rotate the reflectors 403.

In one embodiment, the actuator assembly 407 includes: (a) a gear, driveshaft or transmission device 412 coupled to each one of the reflectors403; (b) at least one drive assembly 414 operatively coupled to thetransmission devices 412; and (c) a drive control unit 416 operativelycoupled to the drive assembly 414. In one embodiment, the drive controlunit 416 has a motor 418 which powers the drive assembly 414.

In one embodiment, each one of the reflectors 403 has a bar-shape and aplurality of substantially flat sides. At least one of the reflectors403 has a geometry which is different than the geometry of at least oneof the other reflectors 403. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 21through 23: reflector 420 is oriented so that side 422 is adjacent tothe face 408; reflector 424 is oriented so that side 426 is adjacent tothe face 408; reflector 428 is oriented so that side 430 is adjacent tothe face 408; and reflector 432 is oriented so that side 434 is adjacentto the face 408. The sides 422, 426, 430 and 434 are each different inlength, width or shape. In the illustrated example, side 422 has widthone (W1), side 426 has a different width two (W2), side 430 has yet adifferent width three (W3) and side 434 has yet a different width four(W4).

Referring to FIG. 23, when the beam pulse 436 strikes the absorptionsurface 409 of the face 408, the absorption surface 409 absorbs certainportions 438 of the beam pulse 436. At about the same time, the sides422, 426, 430 and 434 reflect sub-beams 440, 442, 444 and 446,respectively, toward the object 16. Each of the sub-beams 440, 442, 444and 446 has a different size or profile. Referring back to FIG. 21,these different beams 440, 442, 444 and 446 strike the object 16 andform bar shaped-images 448, 450, 452 and 454 of different widths in theobject 16. The bar-shaped images 448, 450, 452 and 454 collectively forma bar code image 448.

In one embodiment not illustrated, the reflectors of the image controldevice 400 are identical in geometry and shape. However, thesubstantially bar-shaped sides of these reflectors have differentpercentages of reflective properties. For example, one side may have arelatively low reflective property and another side may have arelatively high reflective property. As the reflectors are independentlyrotated, the beam reflection varies to form variable images and codes inthe objects 16.

In one embodiment, regardless of the position of the reflectors 403, thereflective template 455 constantly reflects a beam portion 457 of thebeam pulse 436, and the beam portion 457 strikes the object 16. Theshape of the reflective template 455 determines the shape of the beamportion 457 which, in turn, determines the shape of the image 459 formedon the object by the template 455. In one embodiment, the template 455has a designated shape associated with an identifier or signature of theparticular image forming device 401 being used. In one example notillustrated, the reflective template 455 is configured to form anadditional row of reflective symbols. These symbols cause analpha-numeric serial code to be formed in the object 16. This codecorresponds to the serial code of the particular image forming device401 being used.

In another embodiment, the template 455 has a designated degradationproperty associated with the reflectiveness of the template 455. Forexample, with each reflection event, the reflectiveness of the template455 decreases. After a certain number of reflection events, the template455 will absorb all or substantially all of the laser beam received. Asa result, the authenticity identifier or signature of the image formingdevice 401 will be excluded from the objects 16. This can indicate aneed to replace the image control device 400 of the image forming device401.

2.1.3 Electronic Configuration

In one embodiment, the image former 200 has an electronic configuration500, as illustrated in FIG. 24. In this embodiment, the image former 200includes: (a) one or more processors 502; (b) one or more energy deviceinput apparatuses 504 which are electronically connected to theprocessors 502; (c) one or more energy device output apparatuses 506which are electronically connected to the processors 502; (d) the imagecontrol device 220 electronically connected to the processors 502; and(e) a memory device 508 which is coupled, directly or over a datanetwork, to the processors 502.

In one embodiment, the memory device 508 includes an image commandreader 510, an identifier command reader 512 and an energy devicecontrol module 514. The image command reader 510 includes a plurality ofcomputer-readable instructions which enable the processors 502 to readimage commands. The image commands specify which type of images are tobe formed on each of the objects 16. For example, the image commandreader 510 may include: an image X command 516 associated with anX-shape image; an image Y command 518 associated with a Y-shaped image;and an image Z command 520 associated with a Z-shaped image. Inoperation, one of the processors 502 uses these commands to control thedifferent images produced by the image control device 220 on thedifferent objects 522, 524 and 526.

The identifier command reader 512 includes a plurality of computerreadable instructions which one of the processors 502 uses to read theidentifier commands. The identifier commands specify which type ofidentifier image is to be formed on the object 16. In one embodiment,the identifier image includes a designated image associated with theauthenticity of the imagery on the objects 16. For example, theidentifier image can include a trade name associated with a particularprocessing facility 14 or a serial number associated with a particularimage forming device 200.

The energy device control module 514 includes a plurality of computerreadable instructions associated with the general control andfunctionality of the energy device 202. The control module 514 directone of the processors 502 to control the energy level, pulsation andother operational settings of the energy device 202.

2.1.4 Image Forming Device with Multiple Energy Generators

Referring back to FIG. 3, in one embodiment, the image forming device200 includes a plurality of laser generators or lasers 208. Each laser208 generates a laser beam resulting in a stream of beam pulses. Themultiple streams of beam pulses are directed so as to form images in oneor more objects 16.

In another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 25, the image forming device568 includes: (a) a laser generator assembly 570 which houses or holds aplurality of relatively small laser generators or lasers 572; (b) acontrol unit 574 which controls the operation of the lasers 572; and (c)a focus lens or focuser 575. The control unit 574 includes a processor576 and a memory device 578 which stores a plurality ofcomputer-readable instructions. The processor 576, as directed by thememory device 578, controls the operation of the lasers 572. The controlunit 574 causes the lasers 572 to independently output laser beams incontinuous or pulse form, and the focuser 575 redirects the beams,bringing them in closer proximity to one another By independentlycontrolling which ones of the lasers 572 will output a beam, the controlunit 574 determines the image that is formed on the object 16. Forexample, the assembly 570 may be configured to hold one hundred lasers572 in a grid or matrix-shaped array. By selectively turning certainlasers 572 on and off, the control unit 574 can form designated images(and associated codes) in the objects 16.

In one embodiment, the lasers 572 include suitable electronic laserssuch as semiconductor lasers or diode lasers. In one embodiment, each ofthe lasers 572 includes a fiber optic cable or device which outputs alaser beam. It should be appreciated that the lasers 572 can include anysuitably sized computer-controlled energy generators.

2.1.5 Marked Objects

The image forming device 200 produces a mark, code or image through theapplication of one or more energy streams or laser beams to an object16. The process of applying such an energy stream or laser beam to theobject 16 can include a plurality of different physical effects,including, without limitation, a burn in the object 16, a melting of aspot on the object 16, a vaporization of a spot on the object 16, a cutin the object 16, an etch in the object 16, an engraved effect in theobject 16, an inscription in the object 16, an abatement of a portion ofthe object 16, a modification of or change in the physical or molecularstructure of a portion of the object 16 or a change in the reflective orrefractive properties of a portion of the object 16.

In one embodiment, each laser beam forms a dot in the object 16. Eachdot can have a square shape as illustrated in FIGS. 26-29, 32 and 33. Itshould be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments each dot canhave a circular shape or any other suitable shape.

In one example illustrated in FIG. 26, each laser beam output by theimage former 200 cuts, burns or otherwise forms a cavity 600 in anobject 602. The object 602 has a relatively consistent pigmentation,exemplified as pigment A. The cavity or hole pattern in the object 602provides the object 602 with an reflective or refractive characteristicor property associated with a designated code or image, such as image616 or 618 of FIGS. 28 and 29. In one example, a human eye or an opticalreader can detect an image or code in the object 602 defined by an arrayof cavities 600. Here, each cavity 600 is visually distinct from thebody of the object 602 due to the depth of the cavity 600.

In another example illustrated in FIG. 27, an object 604 includes alower layer 608 having pigment A and an upper layer 606 have pigment B.Each of the laser beams output by the image former 200 forms an openingor cavity 610 in the object 604. These cavities 610 define an image orcode, such as image 616 or 618 of FIGS. 28 and 29, and the image can bereadable by human eye or an optical reader. The image is enhanced by thecontrast between the color of pigment A and pigment B. Put another way,each of the laser beams removes the top layer 606, exposing a differentcolored layer 608. If pigment A were blue and pigment B were yellow, thelaser beams would remove spots of the yellow layer 606, exposing spotsof the blue layer 608 below. The result would be an image defined by aplurality or array of blue dots.

In one embodiment, the laser beams either do not form cavities in theobject 16, or the cavities formed are small enough so that the cavitiesare undetectable by human vision or an image reader. Here, each laserbeam applies a level of heat to the object 16 and, as a result, thereflective or refractive properties of the object 16 are changed atcertain spots. Depending upon the embodiment, the visual effect of theseproperties can be detectable by the human eye, an optical reader or anysuitable electromechanical device. Accordingly, in one embodiment, theimage former 200 can form images and codes on objects without cutting orotherwise forming cavities in the surface or body of the object.

In another embodiment, the energy generator of the image forming deviceproduces laser beams which pass through the surface of the object andform dots or marks below the surface of the object. In one example, theimage forming device includes a YAG laser, and the objects to be markedare constructed of a glass or clear plastic material. When marking oneof these objects, the laser beams of the YAG laser pass through theobject's exterior surface. Each laser beam strikes an inner portion ofthe object. At this point, the laser beam produces a dot, mark orstructural or chemical change to that inner portion of the object.Accordingly, the laser beams collectively form a machine-readable orhuman-readable mark or code embedded within the body of the object. Thisembodiment provides additional protection against the attempts ofcounterfeiters to modify or reproduce the codes in the objects. Also,this embodiment provides a safeguard against the damage of the codescaused by abrasion or chemicals.

2.1.5.1 Example of Coding Pharmaceutical Products

In one example, the object 16 that is marked by the image former 200includes a pharmaceutical capsule 612 as illustrated in FIG. 28. Here,each laser beam forms a cavity or hole in the outer gelatin layer orcovering of the capsule 612. These cavities expose a different coloredlayer, forming an image of a matrix code 616 which is readable by anoptical reader or scanner.

In another example, the object 16 includes a pharmaceutical tablet 614,as illustrated in FIG. 29. Here, each laser beam forms a cavity or holein the body of the tablet 614. These cavities expose a different coloredlayer, forming an image of a matrix code 618 which is readable by anoptical reader or scanner.

2.1.5.2 Example of Coding Mission Critical Products

In one example illustrated in FIGS. 30 and 31, the image former 200forms bar codes 628 in mission critical products, such as a militaryhelicopter part 630 and a soldier's helmet 632. Here, the laser beamsoutput by the image former 200 form bar-shaped cavities in the outersurfaces of parts 630 and 632. The depth of the cavities forms anoptical contrast associated with a bar code that is readable by ascanner.

2.1.5.3 Example of Forming Graphics on Consumer Products

In another example illustrated in FIG. 32, the image former 200 forms agraphic or graphical representation 618 in the label 620 of a product622. In the illustrated example, the image former 200 forms an image orgraphic 618 of a coconut tree on the bottle of a Sunny Island CocoaLotion™ consumer product. In another example illustrated in FIG. 33,human-readable text 624 can be formed in the surface of an object 16such as a pharmaceutical capsule 626. Through these examples, it shouldbe understood that human-readable and comprehensible images of varioustypes can be formed by the image forming device 200. These images caninclude, without limitation, text, numbers, symbols, drawings, artisticworks and graphics which convey messages, information, productinformation, manufacturers' identifies and other information toconsumers and end users.

3. Image Management System

The image system 12 includes an image management system 700 asillustrated in FIG. 34. In one embodiment, the image management system700 includes: (a) one or more servers or processors, such as managementserver 702 connected to one or more image forming devices 200 over adata network 704; (b) an image-type database 706 coupled to the server702; (c) an imaging database 708 coupled to the management server 702;(d) an image control module 710 coupled to the management server 702;and (e) a network access device, such as a computer 711, which enables amanager to send commands to the management server 702 and provide inputswhich are readable by the management server 702. The data network 704can include a local area network in the object processing facility 14, aprivate wide area network or a public wide area network, such as theInternet. The image-type database 706 stores data associated with aplurality of different types of images which can be formed on theobjects 16.

The imaging history database 708 stores data associated with the imagesthat have already been formed on objects 16 in the supply chain. Forexample, if a processing facility marks ten thousand products with animage corresponding to code 10011011, the database 708 would store thedata which relates such products to such code.

The image control module 710 includes a plurality of computer-readableinstructions which direct the management server 702 to change the imagesformed on the objects 16 in accordance with a designated parameter orcondition. In one embodiment, the control module 710 includes aplurality of control variables 712. In one example illustrated in FIG.35, the control variables 712 include a facility variable 716, an imageforming device variable 718, a product variable 720, a volume variable722, an image or code variable 724, a date variable 726 and a timevariable 728. In the example illustrated in the first row of FIG. 35,the manager enters his/her user name and password at the computer 711,and then the manager uses the computer 711 to set: (a) the facilityvariable 716 to facility number 22; (b) the image forming devicevariable 718 to image forming device number 03; (c) the product variable720 to product number 4331; (d) the volume variable 722 to one thousand;(e) the image variable 724 to image number fifty-two which correspondsto code 10101111; (f) the date variable 726 to March 2, 2008; and (g)the time variable 728 to thirteen hundred hours. In this example, themanagement server 702 uses the image control module 710 to cause imageforming device number 03 of facility number 22 to form image Y in onethousand of the product units beginning at thirteen hundred hours onMarch 2, 2008.

In another embodiment, the image control module 710 includes aserializer module 714. The serializer module 714 includes a plurality ofinstructions associated with generating a series of unique or serialcodes and associated images to be formed in a series of objects 16. Inone embodiment, the image control module 710 includes a pseudorandomizer 716 which, when activated by the manager, randomly selectsdifferent images (and associated codes) that are formed on the objectsin a designated batch.

4. Image Reader

Referring to FIG. 36, in one embodiment, the reader or hand-held scanner18 includes a plurality of input devices 850, a display device 803, alaser (not shown), a light source (not shown), an optical sensor or eye(not shown) and an object holder 805. In the illustrated example, thereader 18 is scanning and reading a matrix code (not shown) of an object16. The object holder 805 removably holds the object 16 so that thematrix code on the object 16 is oriented toward the eye housed withinthe scanner 18.

In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 37, the optical reader or imagereader 18 has an electronic configuration 800. Here, the image reader 18includes at least one central processing unit or processor 802. Theprocessor 802 is electronically connected to a display device 803, aplurality of input devices 850, a scanning laser 809, a light source807, a photo eye 806 and a memory device 808. The light source 807enhances the readability of the code on the object. Depending upon theembodiment and the type of code being read, the light source 807 caninclude a polarized light source, an ultraviolet light source or anyother suitable light source operable to illuminate or distinguish thecode on the object.

The memory device 808 includes contrast enhancement code 810 and readingmode code 812. The contrast enhancement code 810 include a plurality ofcomputer-readable instructions associated with enhancing the readabilityor detectability of codes (such as dot matrix code and bar code) andimages formed in the objects 16 by the image former 200. The readingmode code 812 includes a plurality of instructions associated withdifferent types of reading modes. For example, one reading mode enablesthe processor 802 to read matrix code, and another reading mode enablesthe processor 802 to read bar code. Users can use the image reader 18 inconjunction with the object tracking system 20 as described below.

5. Object Tracking System

In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 37, the object tracking system 20includes: (a) one or more processes or servers, such as tracking server900 operating on a data network 901, such as the Internet; (b) a readerdatabase 902 connected to the tracking server 900 which stores thereader code data 903 received from the image readers 904, 906 and 908coupled to the distribution point computers 910, 912 and 914,respectively; (c) a validation database 910 connected to the trackingserver 900; (d) a server, processor or computer system 918 of amonitoring entity connected to the tracking server 900 over the network901; and (e) a validation module 919 operatively coupled to andaccessible by the tracking server 900.

The validation database 910 includes validation code data 920 associatedwith the objects or products that have been coded and sent into thesupply chain. In one embodiment, the image management system 700(illustrated in FIG. 34) is coupled to the tracking server 900 overnetwork 901. Accordingly, the image management system 700 automaticallytransfers the validation code data 920 to the validation database 910 asobjects 16 are coded and sent into the supply chain.

The validation module 919 stores: (a) a plurality of computer-readableinstructions or search commands 920 associated with the searching of thevalidation database 910 for a match with a code stored in the readerdatabase 902; and (b) output instructions or commands 922 associatedwith producing an output, such as a graphical flag or audio alert, ifthere is an unsuccessful validation or trouble event.

In one example, the tracking server 900 conducts the following stepsunder the direction of the validation module 919:

-   -   (a) detects a new code received from one of the readers or        scanners 924 coupled to distribution point computer 926;    -   (b) searches the validation database 910 for a code that matches        the newly received code;    -   (c) sends a signal or data to the monitoring entity computer        918, causing the monitoring entity computer 918 to produce an        audio or visual output or alarm if there is an unsuccessful        validation; and    -   (d) sends a signal or data to the distribution point computer        926 and (if network enabled) the scanner 924 itself, causing the        distribution point computer 926 and network enabled scanner 924        to produce:        -   (i) an audio or visual output or alarm indicating a            successful validation if the tracking server 900 located a            matching code in the validation database 910; and        -   (ii) an audio or visual output or alarm indicating an            unsuccessful validation if the tracking server 900 did not            locate a matching code in the validation database 910 after            a designated period of time elapses.

In operation of one example, the Pharma Zone company manufactures abatch of ten thousand drug capsules on a Monday, using an image formingdevice to form: (a) an image of the text “Pharma Zone 2000” in each ofthe capsules; and (b) an image of a designated machine-readable matrixcode in each of the capsules. On Tuesday, Pharma Zone ships the batch ofcapsules to a drug store. On that same Tuesday, a counterfeitingsupplier ships one thousand drug capsules to the same drug store underan invoice which appears to be an authentic invoice of Pharma Zone. Theone thousand drug capsules also bear the text “Pharma Zone 2000.” Thepharmacist's assistant uses a scanner to scan the drug capsules receivedthat day. When the assistant scans one of the counterfeit drug capsules,the drug store's computer indicates “WARNING: COUNTERFEIT DETECTED!” Thedrug store then removes all detected counterfeits from the capsulesupply and contacts the appropriate authorities.

In review, the supply chain monitoring system, in one embodiment,includes an image system located in a manufacturing facility, and theimaging system is coupled to a plurality of scanners and an objecttracking system over a wide area network, such as the Internet. Theimage system includes one or more image forming devices which areoperable to form images and codes in objects while the objects are inmotion on a conveyor. In one embodiment, each image forming deviceincludes a pulsed laser and an image controller which receives the laserpulses in increments. The image controller receives each laser pulse andgenerates a laser output which includes: (a) a different laser pulseassociated with a designated image or code; or (b) a plurality ofsimultaneously traveling laser beams which are collectively associatedwith a designated image or code. Each of the laser outputs is directedtoward an object on the conveyor, and the laser output forms an image orcode in the object in a single shot. The image or code can be machinereadable, human readable or a combination thereof. When the markedobjects are shipped to a distribution point, inspectors or qualitycontrol personnel can scan the objects to verify their authenticity. Thesystem checks the scanned images against a validation database, and thesystem notifies the scanning personnel and monitoring entities of anydetected counterfeits. This type of system increases the security ofsupply chains and distribution channels to enhance safety and helpprotect businesses against counterfeit practices.

It should be appreciated that any and all of the various components ofthe image forming devices described herein, including, withoutlimitation, the image forming devices 200, 201 and 401, can be combinedor interchanged, thereby constituting additional embodiments of thepresent invention.

It should be understood that various changes and modifications to thepresently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention andwithout diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intendedthat such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

1. A tracking system comprising: at least one processor operable over anetwork; at least one image-reading device operatively coupled to theprocessor over the network, the image-reading device operable to read aplurality of different images on a plurality of distributable objects;and a memory device accessible by the processor, the memory devicestoring: (a) data associated with a plurality of distributable objects;(b) data associated with an assignment of different images to differentones of the distributable objects; (c) data associated with the imagesthat have been read by the image-reading device; and (d) a plurality ofinstructions which direct an image forming device to form the assignedimages in the distributable objects, the image forming device having:(i) an energy device including an energy source, the energy deviceoperable to output a plurality of pulses of energy along a path, each ofthe pulses including a primary energy stream; (ii) a support whichsupports the energy device; and an image control device supported by thesupport and positioned to intersect the path, the image control deviceoperable to: (x) receive the pulses of energy at different times; and(y) output a pulse of energy for each one of the received pulses ofenergy, each one of the output pulses of energy including an array ofsecondary energy streams which are directable toward an object, thesecondary energy streams operable to form a plurality of separatelaser-treated regions in the object, the laser-treated regions beingassociated with an image.
 2. The tracking system of claim 1, wherein theimage control device includes a processor which is operable to cause theimage control device to vary a plurality of the output pulses afterdifferent events occur, each one of the output pulses producingdifferent arrays of secondary energy streams associated with differentimages.
 3. The tracking system of claim 1, wherein the image controldevice includes at least one processor having access to a memory device,the memory device storing data associated with a plurality of differentimages, each one of the different images associated with a differentarray of secondary energy streams, the processor operable to: (a)determine an event associated with a designated one of the images; and(b) cause the image control device to produce the array of secondaryenergy streams associated with the designated image.
 4. The trackingsystem of claim 1, wherein the image control device includes an energystream receiver having an array of elements, each of the elements beingmovable between: (a) a first position resulting in one of the secondaryenergy streams; and (b) a second position resulting in incoherent light.5. The tracking system of claim 4, wherein: (a) each one of the elementshas a substantially circular shape; and (b) the secondary energy streamsthat reach the object are operable to form a matrix code image on theobject.
 6. The tracking system of claim 4, wherein: (a) the elements arearranged in a pattern of rows and columns; and (b) the array thatreaches the object forms a partially or fully grid-shaped code image onthe object.
 7. The tracking system of claim 4, wherein: (a) each one ofthe elements has a substantially rectangular shape; and (b) thesecondary energy streams that reach the object are operable to form abarcode image on the object.
 8. The tracking system of claim 1, whereinthe energy stream includes a flow of light energy or atomic particles.9. A tracking system comprising: at least one processor operable over anetwork; at least one image-reading device operatively coupled to theprocessor over the network, the image-reading device operable to read aplurality of different images on a plurality of distributed objects; anda memory device accessible by the processor, the memory device storing:(a) data associated with a plurality of distributable objects; (b) dataassociated with an assignment of different images to different ones ofthe distributable objects; (c) data associated with the images that havebeen read by the image-reading device; and (d) a plurality ofinstructions which direct an image forming device to form the assignedimages in the distributable objects, the image forming device having:(i) an energy device including an energy source, the energy sourceoperable to output a series of energy beam spurts along a path; (ii) asupport which supports the energy device; (iii) a beam modifiersupported by the support and positioned to intersect the path, the beammodifier operable to: (x) receive the energy beams spurts at differenttimes; and (y) convert each one of the energy beam spurts to adesignated one of a plurality of arrays of energy beams which aredirectable toward an object, the energy beams operable to form aplurality of spaced-apart laser-treated regions in the object, thelaser-treated regions being associated with the determined image. 10.The tracking system of claim 9, which includes at least one instructionexecutable by the processor, the instruction operable to cause the beammodifier to control which portions of each of the energy beam spurtswill be directed toward the object and which portions of said energybeam spurt will be directed away from the object.
 11. The trackingsystem of claim 9, wherein the beam modifier includes a plurality ofbeam regulators which are movable between a plurality of positions,wherein the beam regulators, under control of the processor, determinethe designated array of energy beams which flow toward the object. 12.The tracking system of claim 9, wherein the image includes an imageselected from the group consisting of a barcode image, a partialgrid-shape image, a full grid shape image, a matrix image, a symbolimage, a letter image, a numeral image, text image and an identifierimage.
 13. The tracking system of claim 12, wherein each one of theenergy beam spurts includes a packet of energy selected from the groupconsisting of a packet of light particles, a packet of photons, a packetof emitted energy, a packet including a laser beam, a packet of magneticradiation, a packet of atomic particles and a packet of sub-atomicparticles.
 14. A tracking system comprising: at least one processoroperable over a network; at least one image-reading device operativelycoupled to the processor, the image-reading device operable to read aplurality of different images on a plurality of distributable objects,each of the images associated with a plurality of spaced-apart laserbeam marks; and a memory device accessible by the processor, the memorydevice storing: (a) data associated with a plurality of distributableobjects; (b) data associated with an assignment of different images todifferent ones of the distributable objects; (c) data associated withthe images that have been read by the image-reading device; and (d) aplurality of instructions which direct an image forming device to formthe assigned images in the distributable objects, the image formingdevice having: (i) a pulse laser operable to output a series of laserbeam pulses; (ii) a frame which supports the pulse laser; a beamexpander supported by the frame and positioned to receive the laser beampulses; (iii) an image control device supported by the frame, the imagecontrol device including: (x) a beam absorber which defines an array ofopenings; (y) a plurality of beam reflectors, each one of the beamreflectors movably positioned within or adjacent to one of the openings;(z) at least one position control device operable, for each one of thelaser beam pulses, to move each one of the beam reflectors between: (i)one position wherein a portion of the laser beam pulse enters theopening and travels along a path leading to an object in a form of alaser beam; and (ii) another position wherein a portion of the laserbeam pulse enters the opening and is substantially absorbed orsubstantially directed away from the object, the image control deviceoperable to cause the image control device to output a set of the laserbeams at one time, wherein the laser beams in the set are operable toform a plurality of spaced-apart cavities in the object, the cavitiesbeing associated with the designated image for the object; and a beamfocuser supported by the frame and positioned in the path.
 15. Thetracking system of claim 14, wherein: (a) each of the openings of thebeam absorber includes a cavity; and (b) each one of the reflectors ismovably positioned within one of said cavities between an outwardposition and an inward position.
 16. The tracking system of claim 14,which includes a plurality of pivotal couplers which pivotally couplethe reflectors to the laser beam absorber.
 17. The tracking system ofclaim 14, wherein the position control device includes at least one airpressurization assembly.
 18. The tracking system of claim 14, whereinthe position control device includes at least one actuator.
 19. Thetracking system of claim 14, wherein at least one of the differentimages includes an image selected from the group consisting of amachine-readable code image, a machine-scannable code image, a barcodeimage, a matrix code image, a dot matrix code image, a symbol image, anumeral image, text image, a drawing image and an art image.